Health Condition

Hip Dysplasia

A hereditary orthopedic disorder where the hip joint develops abnormally, leading to joint laxity, arthritis, and pain.

Detailed Description

Hip dysplasia is caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors, resulting in improper development of the hip joint. Over time, this leads to degenerative joint disease (osteoarthritis), pain, and reduced mobility. Environmental factors such as rapid growth and excessive weight can exacerbate the condition.

Common Symptoms

lameness
stiffness
difficulty rising
bunny-hopping gait
decreased activity

Management Options

weight management
controlled exercise
NSAIDs
joint supplements
surgical intervention

Frequently Asked Questions

Can hip dysplasia be prevented in Golden Retrievers?

Risk can be reduced through responsible breeding and weight management, but not entirely prevented due to genetic complexity.

Is surgery always required?

No, many cases are managed medically, but severe cases may benefit from surgery.

Can puppies be screened?

PennHIP can assess risk as early as 16 weeks.

Condition Details

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Typical Age of Onset

4 months to 2 years

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Testing Available

Yes

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Diagnosing Methods

physical examination; radiographs (X-rays); Ortolani sign

🛡️

Preventative Measures

selective breeding using OFA/PennHIP-certified parents; avoid overfeeding and excessive exercise in puppies

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Related Conditions

osteoarthritis, panosteitis

Affected Breeds

Affenpinscher

Prevalence: 1.2% Severity: 3/5

Hip dysplasia is rare in Affenpinschers compared to large breeds but still screened for in responsible breeding programs.

Golden Retriever

Prevalence: 20.5% Severity: 4/5

Golden Retrievers have a higher prevalence of hip dysplasia compared to the general canine population. Early screening and responsible breeding are emphasized in this breed.

Afghan Hound

Prevalence: 5.1% Severity: 2/5

Afghan Hounds have a lower-than-average risk for hip dysplasia, but cases do occur and may be underdiagnosed due to the breed’s high pain tolerance.

Airedale Terrier

Prevalence: 9.5% Severity: 3/5

Airedale Terriers have a higher-than-average risk of hip dysplasia compared to the general canine population. Early signs may include reluctance to exercise or climb stairs in young adults.

Akita

Prevalence: 25.1% Severity: 3/5

Akitas have a higher than average prevalence of hip dysplasia, with OFA reporting 25.1% affected.

Alaskan Malamute

Prevalence: 16.1% Severity: 4/5

Alaskan Malamutes have a higher prevalence of hip dysplasia than the all-breed average, and rapid growth or excessive weight can exacerbate the condition.

American Bulldog

Prevalence: 35.1% Severity: 4/5

American Bulldogs have a significantly higher prevalence of hip dysplasia compared to the all-breed average. Early onset and rapid progression of arthritis are common in this breed.

American English Coonhound

Prevalence: 8.6% Severity: 3/5

Prevalence is moderate compared to other breeds; early signs may include reluctance to hunt or exercise and subtle hind limb stiffness after activity.

American Eskimo Dog

Prevalence: 6.6% Severity: 3/5

American Eskimo Dogs have a higher than average risk for hip dysplasia among small breeds, though lower than large breeds.

American Foxhound

Prevalence: 6.6% Severity: 3/5

American Foxhounds have a higher than average risk of hip dysplasia compared to all breeds, which can impact their working ability and mobility.

American Leopard Hound

Prevalence: 10.7% Severity: 3/5

Prevalence is moderate compared to all breeds and slightly lower than some other large coonhound breeds. Early signs may include reluctance to work or hunt and subtle hind limb stiffness after exercise.

American Staffordshire Terrier

Prevalence: 21.6% Severity: 3/5

Prevalence is higher than the all-breed average; early signs may include subtle hind limb stiffness or reluctance to jump in young adults.

American Water Spaniel

Prevalence: 8.6% Severity: 3/5

American Water Spaniels have a higher-than-average risk of hip dysplasia compared to all breeds, but lower than some other sporting breeds. Early intervention and management can result in good outcomes.

Anatolian Shepherd Dog

Prevalence: 10.7% Severity: 4/5

Moderate prevalence in Anatolian Shepherd Dogs; lower than some giant breeds but higher than average for all breeds. Subtle reluctance to work or decreased stamina may be early signs in this stoic breed.

Appenzeller Sennenhund

Prevalence: 7.7% Severity: 4/5

Appenzeller Sennenhunds have a moderate prevalence of hip dysplasia compared to other Swiss Mountain breeds. Early signs may be subtle, such as stiffness after exercise in young adults.

Australian Cattle Dog

Prevalence: 6.2% Severity: 3/5

Australian Cattle Dogs have a lower prevalence than some large breeds but are still at risk; early screening and weight management are important.

Australian Kelpie

Prevalence: 4.6% Severity: 3/5

Hip dysplasia is less common in Kelpies than in many large breeds but still present; screening is recommended for breeding dogs.

Australian Shepherd

Prevalence: 6% Severity: 3/5

Australian Shepherds have a slightly higher than average risk for hip dysplasia among medium-sized breeds.

Australian Stumpy Tail Cattle Dog

Prevalence: 5.3% Severity: 3/5

Prevalence is lower than in many large breeds, but still a recognized concern; early screening is recommended.

Azawakh

Prevalence: 3.2% Severity: 2/5

Hip dysplasia is rare in Azawakhs compared to other breeds, with only about 3% of screened dogs affected.

Barbet

Prevalence: 10.9% Severity: 3/5

Barbets have a slightly higher than average risk for hip dysplasia compared to all breeds; similar to other medium/large water dogs.

Basenji

Prevalence: 3.6% Severity: 2/5

Hip dysplasia is less common in Basenjis than in many breeds, but still present and screened for in breeding programs.

Basset Hound

Prevalence: 47.9% Severity: 3/5

Basset Hounds have one of the highest rates of hip dysplasia among all breeds.

Bavarian Mountain Scent Hound

Prevalence: 10.3% Severity: 3/5

Prevalence is slightly higher than average compared to all breeds, with subtle reluctance to work or hunt as an early sign due to the breed's active nature.

Bearded Collie

Prevalence: 8.7% Severity: 3/5

Bearded Collies are at moderate risk for hip dysplasia, with a prevalence of 8.7% based on OFA data.

Beauceron

Prevalence: 12.7% Severity: 3/5

Beaucerons have a moderate risk of hip dysplasia compared to all breeds. Early signs may include reluctance to exercise and stiffness after rest.

Belgian Laekenois

Prevalence: 6.2% Severity: 3/5

Prevalence is moderate in Belgian Laekenois, similar to other Belgian Shepherd varieties. Early signs may include reluctance to engage in high-energy activities typical for the breed.

Belgian Malinois

Prevalence: 5.2% Severity: 3/5

Belgian Malinois have a lower prevalence of hip dysplasia than some other large working breeds, but the risk is still higher than average for all breeds. Early intervention and management are important for maintaining working ability.

Belgian Sheepdog

Prevalence: 7.7% Severity: 3/5

Belgian Sheepdogs have a moderate prevalence of hip dysplasia compared to other medium and large breeds. Early signs may be subtle, such as reluctance to jump or stiffness after exercise.

Belgian Tervuren

Prevalence: 7.2% Severity: 4/5

Slightly higher prevalence than average; lower than some large breeds. Early subtle lameness or stiffness after exercise is common in young adults.

Bergamasco Sheepdog

Prevalence: 7.7% Severity: 3/5

Moderate prevalence compared to other large breeds; lower than in breeds such as German Shepherds or Labradors, but higher than in small breeds.

Berger Picard

Prevalence: 10.7% Severity: 3/5

Berger Picards have a moderate risk for hip dysplasia compared to other medium/large breeds. Subtle reluctance to exercise in young adults may be overlooked due to the breed’s stoic nature.

Bernese Mountain Dog

Prevalence: 17.5% Severity: 4/5

Bernese Mountain Dogs are in the top 20 breeds for hip dysplasia prevalence, with both clinical and subclinical cases common.

Black and Tan Coonhound

Prevalence: 17.7% Severity: 4/5

Black and Tan Coonhounds have a higher-than-average risk of hip dysplasia compared to many breeds, with a 17.7% prevalence reported by OFA.

Black Russian Terrier

Prevalence: 19.5% Severity: 4/5

Black Russian Terriers have a higher than average risk of hip dysplasia compared to other breeds, with significant impact on mobility and quality of life.

Bloodhound

Prevalence: 26.7% Severity: 4/5

Bloodhounds have one of the highest rates of hip dysplasia among all breeds, with significant impact on mobility and quality of life.

Bluetick Coonhound

Prevalence: 11.3% Severity: 3/5

Bluetick Coonhounds have a higher than average prevalence of hip dysplasia compared to all breeds. Subtle lameness or reluctance to hunt may be early signs.

Boerboel

Prevalence: 24.7% Severity: 4/5

Boerboels have a higher prevalence of hip dysplasia compared to the general canine population, likely due to their large size and genetic predisposition.

Bohemian Shepherd

Prevalence: 6.7% Severity: 3/5

Slightly higher prevalence than average for medium-sized breeds; lower than German Shepherds. Early subtle gait changes may be seen.

Border Collie

Prevalence: 8.1% Severity: 3/5

Border Collies have a lower prevalence than many large breeds, but hip dysplasia remains a concern, especially in working and performance lines.

Border Terrier

Prevalence: 5.3% Severity: 3/5

Border Terriers have a higher prevalence of hip dysplasia than some other terrier breeds, but lower than large breeds. Early detection and weight management are important.

Bouvier des Flandres

Prevalence: 13.8% Severity: 4/5

Bouviers have a higher than average risk of hip dysplasia compared to all breeds, with subtle lameness or stiffness often seen after rest.

Boxer

Prevalence: 12.5% Severity: 3/5

Boxers have a higher than average risk for hip dysplasia compared to the general canine population.

Boykin Spaniel

Prevalence: 31.7% Severity: 4/5

Boykin Spaniels have one of the highest rates of hip dysplasia among sporting breeds.

Bracco Italiano

Prevalence: 10.2% Severity: 3/5

Bracco Italiano have a higher than average risk of hip dysplasia compared to the general canine population. Subtle reluctance to exercise or stiffness after rest may be early signs in young dogs.

Braque du Bourbonnais

Prevalence: 8.2% Severity: 4/5

Prevalence is moderate compared to other pointing breeds. Early subtle lameness after exercise and reluctance to jump or climb stairs are common early signs in young, active dogs.

Braque Francais Pyrenean

Prevalence: 12.5% Severity: 3/5

Prevalence is higher than the all-breed average but lower than in some large sporting breeds. Early subtle lameness or stiffness after exercise may be seen in young adults.

Briard

Prevalence: 17.2% Severity: 4/5

Briards have a higher than average risk of hip dysplasia compared to other breeds, with a significant percentage affected.

Brittany

Prevalence: 14.7% Severity: 3/5

Brittanys have a higher than average risk for hip dysplasia among medium sporting breeds, with a documented prevalence of 14.7%.

Broholmer

Prevalence: 19.2% Severity: 4/5

Broholmers have a higher than average risk for hip dysplasia among large breeds; mandatory hip scoring is enforced by the Danish breed club.

Brussels Griffon

Prevalence: 4% Severity: 3/5

Hip dysplasia is less common in Brussels Griffons than in large breeds but is present and should be screened for in breeding stock.

Bulldog

Prevalence: 70% Severity: 4/5

Bulldogs have one of the highest rates of hip dysplasia among all breeds, often with severe joint malformation and early onset of arthritis.

Bullmastiff

Prevalence: 24.6% Severity: 4/5

Bullmastiffs have a significantly higher prevalence of hip dysplasia compared to the all-breed average, likely due to their large size and rapid growth.

Canaan Dog

Prevalence: 5.3% Severity: 3/5

Canaan Dogs have a lower prevalence of hip dysplasia compared to many large breeds, but it remains a concern for breeding programs.

Cane Corso

Prevalence: 22.3% Severity: 4/5

Cane Corsos have a higher than average prevalence of hip dysplasia compared to all breeds, likely due to their size and rapid growth.

Cardigan Welsh Corgi

Prevalence: 14.2% Severity: 3/5

Cardigan Welsh Corgis have a higher than average prevalence of hip dysplasia compared to all breeds, though severity may be less than in larger breeds.

Carolina Dog

Prevalence: 5% Severity: 4/5

Carolina Dogs have a lower prevalence of hip dysplasia compared to many other medium-sized breeds. Screening is still recommended for breeding animals.

Caucasian Shepherd Dog

Prevalence: 22.6% Severity: 4/5

Caucasian Shepherd Dogs have a higher than average risk of hip dysplasia compared to all breeds, with a significant impact on mobility and quality of life if not managed.

Central Asian Shepherd Dog

Prevalence: 17.3% Severity: 4/5

Central Asian Shepherd Dogs have a higher than average risk for hip dysplasia compared to the general dog population, similar to other large livestock guardian breeds.

Cesky Terrier

Prevalence: 1.5% Severity: 3/5

Cesky Terriers have a lower than average risk for hip dysplasia compared to other breeds of similar size, but screening is still recommended.

Chesapeake Bay Retriever

Prevalence: 20.7% Severity: 3/5

Prevalence is higher than the all-breed average; early subtle stiffness or reluctance to jump may be noted after exercise.

Chinook

Prevalence: 19.7% Severity: 4/5

Chinooks have a higher prevalence of hip dysplasia than the general dog population, which can significantly impact their working ability and quality of life.

Chow Chow

Prevalence: 19.7% Severity: 3/5

Chow Chows have a high breed predisposition to hip dysplasia, with a prevalence of nearly 20%.

Clumber Spaniel

Prevalence: 36% Severity: 4/5

Clumber Spaniels have one of the highest breed prevalences for hip dysplasia. Early reluctance to play or exercise is a common sign.

Cocker Spaniel

Prevalence: 12.5% Severity: 3/5

Cocker Spaniels have a higher than average prevalence of hip dysplasia compared to all breeds, with both mild and severe cases observed.

Collie

Prevalence: 4% Severity: 3/5

Collies have a moderate risk of hip dysplasia compared to other medium/large breeds.

Coton de Tulear

Prevalence: 4% Severity: 2/5

Hip dysplasia is less common in Cotons than in large breeds but still present; risk is average to slightly higher than other small breeds.

Croatian Sheepdog

Prevalence: 10% Severity: 4/5

Prevalence is lower to average compared to other medium herding breeds. Early intervention and management lead to good outcomes.

Curly-Coated Retriever

Prevalence: 10.7% Severity: 3/5

Curly-Coated Retrievers have a higher than average risk of hip dysplasia compared to all breeds. Early intervention and management can result in good outcomes, and surgical options are generally successful.

Czechoslovakian Vlcak

Prevalence: 12.5% Severity: 3/5

Czechoslovakian Vlcaks have a slightly higher than average risk for hip dysplasia among medium-large breeds. Early signs may include reluctance to participate in vigorous activity, especially in young adults.

Dalmatian

Prevalence: 6% Severity: 3/5

Dalmatians are at moderate risk for hip dysplasia, with a prevalence slightly higher than average for non-giant breeds.

Deutscher Wachtelhund

Prevalence: 10.9% Severity: 3/5

Slightly higher than average prevalence for medium sporting breeds; can impact working ability if not managed.

Doberman Pinscher

Prevalence: 6% Severity: 3/5

Dobermans have an average to slightly above average risk of hip dysplasia compared to other breeds.

Dogo Argentino

Prevalence: 14% Severity: 3/5

Dogo Argentinos have a slightly higher than average risk for hip dysplasia among large breeds, with clinical signs often appearing in young, rapidly growing dogs.

Dogue de Bordeaux

Prevalence: 50.7% Severity: 4/5

Dogue de Bordeaux has one of the highest rates of hip dysplasia among all breeds, with early onset and often severe progression.

Drentsche Patrijshond

Prevalence: 12.5% Severity: 3/5

Drentsche Patrijshond has a moderate risk for hip dysplasia, with prevalence slightly higher than average for medium-sized sporting breeds.

Drever

Prevalence: 12% Severity: 3/5

Hip dysplasia is a recognized concern in Drevers, with active screening programs in place. Prevalence is slightly higher than average, likely due to breed structure and working use.

Dutch Shepherd

Prevalence: 4.6% Severity: 3/5

Dutch Shepherds have a lower prevalence of hip dysplasia compared to many other large breeds, but it remains a notable concern.

English Cocker Spaniel

Prevalence: 12.5% Severity: 3/5

English Cocker Spaniels have a slightly higher prevalence of hip dysplasia compared to other medium breeds.

English Foxhound

Prevalence: 6.7% Severity: 3/5

English Foxhounds have a moderate risk of hip dysplasia compared to other large breeds, with working lines particularly affected. Subtle gait changes may be early signs in young adults.

English Setter

Prevalence: 12.2% Severity: 4/5

English Setters have a higher than average prevalence of hip dysplasia compared to other breeds, with significant impact on mobility and quality of life.

English Springer Spaniel

Prevalence: 12.8% Severity: 3/5

English Springer Spaniels have a higher than average risk of hip dysplasia compared to the general canine population.

Entlebucher Mountain Dog

Prevalence: 13.2% Severity: 3/5

Entlebucher Mountain Dogs have a higher than average risk for hip dysplasia compared to the general canine population.

Estrela Mountain Dog

Prevalence: 19.2% Severity: 5/5

Estrela Mountain Dogs have a higher than average prevalence of hip dysplasia compared to the general canine population. Early signs may be subtle, such as hind limb stiffness or reluctance to exercise in young adults.

Eurasier

Prevalence: 12.5% Severity: 4/5

Eurasiers have a higher than average risk of hip dysplasia compared to the general dog population. Early subtle hind limb stiffness or reluctance to play may be seen in young Eurasiers.

Field Spaniel

Prevalence: 17.6% Severity: 3/5

Field Spaniels have a higher than average risk of hip dysplasia compared to other breeds. Early signs may include reluctance to exercise and subtle hindlimb lameness in young adults.

Finnish Lapphund

Prevalence: 8.8% Severity: 4/5

Finnish Lapphunds have a moderate risk for hip dysplasia, with a prevalence of about 8–9%, which is higher than some spitz breeds but lower than large breeds.

Finnish Spitz

Prevalence: 5.2% Severity: 3/5

Finnish Spitz have a slightly lower than average risk for hip dysplasia compared to all breeds, but screening is still recommended.

Flat-Coated Retriever

Prevalence: 6% Severity: 3/5

Flat-Coated Retrievers have an average to slightly above average risk for hip dysplasia compared to other large breeds. Early intervention and weight management are important.

French Spaniel

Prevalence: 17.3% Severity: 4/5

French Spaniels have a higher than average prevalence of hip dysplasia compared to all breeds, similar to other large sporting breeds.

German Longhaired Pointer

Prevalence: 10.7% Severity: 3/5

GLPs have a moderate prevalence of hip dysplasia compared to the general canine population. Early subtle lameness and reluctance to exercise are common early signs in this breed.

German Pinscher

Prevalence: 6.7% Severity: 3/5

German Pinschers have a moderate prevalence of hip dysplasia compared to other medium-sized breeds. Early signs may include reluctance to exercise or a bunny-hopping gait.

German Shepherd Dog

Prevalence: 19.1% Severity: 4/5

German Shepherd Dogs have a higher prevalence of hip dysplasia than most breeds, with significant impact on mobility and quality of life if not managed.

German Shorthaired Pointer

Prevalence: 5.5% Severity: 3/5

Prevalence is lower than many large breeds but higher than the general canine population. Early signs may be subtle, such as reluctance to exercise or mild lameness after activity.

German Wirehaired Pointer

Prevalence: 7.7% Severity: 3/5

GWPs have a slightly higher than average risk of hip dysplasia compared to all breeds. Early signs may include reluctance to exercise in young, active dogs.

Giant Schnauzer

Prevalence: 13.5% Severity: 4/5

Giant Schnauzers have a higher than average risk for hip dysplasia compared to other breeds, with significant impact on mobility if not managed.

Glen of Imaal Terrier

Prevalence: 7.7% Severity: 3/5

Hip dysplasia is less common in Glen of Imaal Terriers than in many medium-sized breeds, but still present.

Gordon Setter

Prevalence: 20.5% Severity: 4/5

Gordon Setters have a higher prevalence of hip dysplasia compared to the general dog population, with subtle lameness or reluctance to jump often seen in young adults.

Grand Basset Griffon Vendeen

Prevalence: 12.5% Severity: 3/5

GBGVs have a moderate risk of hip dysplasia, higher than some hounds but lower than large breeds like German Shepherds.

Great Dane

Prevalence: 13.8% Severity: 3/5

Great Danes have a higher than average risk for hip dysplasia, with a significant impact on mobility and quality of life if not managed.

Greater Swiss Mountain Dog

Prevalence: 19.6% Severity: 4/5

GSMDs have a higher than average prevalence of hip dysplasia compared to other breeds, with significant impact on mobility and quality of life if not managed.

Great Pyrenees

Prevalence: 13.9% Severity: 4/5

Great Pyrenees have a higher than average risk for hip dysplasia among large breeds. Early signs may be subtle and mistaken for laziness.

Hamiltonstovare

Prevalence: 9.1% Severity: 3/5

Hamiltonstovare have a moderately high prevalence of hip dysplasia compared to other medium/large breeds. Early signs may include reluctance to jump or climb stairs as a young adult.

Hanoverian Scenthound

Prevalence: 13.3% Severity: 3/5

Moderate prevalence in the breed; slightly higher risk compared to other medium-to-large breeds. Can significantly impact working ability.

Harrier

Prevalence: 13.6% Severity: 3/5

Harriers have a higher than average risk of hip dysplasia compared to other breeds, with a prevalence of 13.6% based on OFA data.

Hokkaido

Prevalence: 12% Severity: 4/5

Hokkaido dogs have a reported hip dysplasia rate of approximately 8–12%, which is higher than the average for all breeds. Early intervention and weight control are especially important in this breed.

Hovawart

Prevalence: 8.2% Severity: 3/5

Hovawarts have a slightly higher than average risk for hip dysplasia among large breeds, but lower than some such as German Shepherds and Golden Retrievers.

Ibizan Hound

Prevalence: 4.2% Severity: 2/5

Ibizan Hounds have a lower prevalence of hip dysplasia compared to the all-breed average, but it is still a recognized concern for the breed.

Icelandic Sheepdog

Prevalence: 12.2% Severity: 4/5

Icelandic Sheepdogs have a slightly higher than average risk for hip dysplasia compared to similar-sized breeds. Early signs may be subtle, such as reluctance to exercise in young adults.

Irish Red and White Setter

Prevalence: 10.9% Severity: 3/5

Prevalence is about 11%, which is lower than in many other large breeds but still a concern. Early intervention and management can lead to a good prognosis.

Irish Setter

Prevalence: 12.2% Severity: 3/5

Irish Setters have a slightly higher than average risk for hip dysplasia among medium/large breeds.

Irish Water Spaniel

Prevalence: 10.7% Severity: 3/5

Irish Water Spaniels have a higher-than-average risk for hip dysplasia compared to other breeds. Early signs may include reluctance to exercise or jump, especially in young adults.

Jagdterrier

Prevalence: 4.3% Severity: 2/5

Hip dysplasia occurs at a lower prevalence in Jagdterriers compared to large breeds, but is still a concern, especially in working lines.

Jindo

Prevalence: 2.2% Severity: 2/5

Jindos have a lower risk of hip dysplasia compared to most medium-sized breeds, but cases have been documented, especially in lines bred outside Korea.

Kai Ken

Prevalence: 7.1% Severity: 3/5

Kai Ken have a slightly higher than average risk for hip dysplasia among medium-sized breeds. Early signs may include reluctance to exercise or climb stairs.

Karelian Bear Dog

Prevalence: 12.5% Severity: 3/5

Karelian Bear Dogs have a slightly higher than average risk for hip dysplasia compared to other medium/large breeds. Early signs may include reluctance to jump or climb stairs in young adults.

Keeshond

Prevalence: 10% Severity: 3/5

Keeshonden have a moderate risk of hip dysplasia compared to other breeds. Early intervention and weight management are important.

Kerry Blue Terrier

Prevalence: 4.1% Severity: 3/5

Kerry Blue Terriers have a documented, though relatively low, risk for hip dysplasia compared to large breeds but higher than some other medium breeds.

Komondor

Prevalence: 11.6% Severity: 3/5

Komondors have a moderate risk of hip dysplasia compared to other large breeds. Early signs may be masked by their stoic temperament and guarding behavior.

Kuvasz

Prevalence: 12.6% Severity: 4/5

Kuvasz have a higher than average risk for hip dysplasia compared to other breeds. Subtle lameness or stiffness after exercise, especially in young, rapidly growing Kuvasz, may be early signs.

Labrador Retriever

Prevalence: 12.1% Severity: 3/5

Labrador Retrievers have a higher prevalence of hip dysplasia compared to the general dog population. Early signs may be subtle, and progression can be influenced by rapid growth and obesity.

Lagotto Romagnolo

Prevalence: 10.6% Severity: 3/5

OFA reports a 10.6% dysplastic rate in Lagotto Romagnolo, which is average to slightly above average compared to all breeds.

Lapponian Herder

Prevalence: 7.1% Severity: 3/5

Lapponian Herders have a slightly higher than average risk for hip dysplasia. The breed is included in national screening programs due to documented cases.

Leonberger

Prevalence: 20% Severity: 3/5

Leonbergers are a high-risk giant breed for hip dysplasia, with prevalence higher than the general canine population.

Mastiff

Prevalence: 21.9% Severity: 4/5

Mastiffs have a higher prevalence of hip dysplasia compared to most breeds, likely due to their size and rapid growth. Early intervention and weight management are particularly important.

Miniature American Shepherd

Prevalence: 7.5% Severity: 3/5

Prevalence is moderate in MAS, lower than in large breeds but notable for a small herding breed.

Mountain Cur

Slightly higher than average risk for medium-large working breeds; cases are documented but less common than in large retrievers or shepherds.

Mudi

Prevalence: 8.7% Severity: 3/5

Mudi have a slightly higher than average risk compared to all breeds, but still a notable concern for breeders. Early signs may include reluctance to jump or climb stairs in young, active Mudis.

Neapolitan Mastiff

Prevalence: 50.8% Severity: 4/5

Neapolitan Mastiffs have one of the highest rates of hip dysplasia among all breeds, with large body mass exacerbating joint stress and disease progression.

Newfoundland

Prevalence: 21.8% Severity: 4/5

Newfoundlands are among the top 10 breeds for hip dysplasia prevalence, with a significant risk due to rapid growth and large body mass.

Norfolk Terrier

Prevalence: 5.2% Severity: 3/5

Norfolk Terriers have a lower risk than many breeds, but hip dysplasia is still present and should be screened for in breeding programs.

Norrbottenspets

Prevalence: 2.1% Severity: 3/5

Hip dysplasia is rare in Norrbottenspets based on OFA data; risk is lower than in many other medium-sized breeds.

Norwegian Buhund

Prevalence: 7.2% Severity: 3/5

Norwegian Buhunds have a slightly higher than average risk for hip dysplasia compared to similar-sized breeds.

Norwegian Elkhound

Prevalence: 13.6% Severity: 3/5

Norwegian Elkhounds have a higher than average risk for hip dysplasia among medium-sized breeds.

Norwich Terrier

Prevalence: 7.7% Severity: 3/5

Norwich Terriers have a higher than average risk for hip dysplasia among small terriers, with both subclinical and clinical presentations.

Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retriever

Prevalence: 8.2% Severity: 3/5

OFA reports 8.2% hip dysplasia rate in NSDTRs, which is moderately higher than average for medium breeds.

Old English Sheepdog

Prevalence: 20.2% Severity: 4/5

Old English Sheepdogs have a higher prevalence of hip dysplasia compared to the general canine population, with early subtle lameness or stiffness often seen in young adults.

Otterhound

Prevalence: 15.7% Severity: 4/5

Otterhounds have a higher prevalence of hip dysplasia compared to the general canine population, with significant impact on mobility and quality of life.

Pembroke Welsh Corgi

Prevalence: 12.1% Severity: 3/5

Corgis have a higher than average risk for hip dysplasia among small/medium breeds, likely due to their unique skeletal structure.

Perro de Presa Canario

Prevalence: 20.3% Severity: 4/5

Presa Canarios have a higher than average prevalence of hip dysplasia compared to all breeds, with significant impact on mobility if not managed.

Peruvian Inca Orchid

Prevalence: 5% Severity: 2/5

Hip dysplasia is less common in PIOs than in many large breeds, but screening is still recommended for breeding dogs.

Petit Basset Griffon Vendeen

Prevalence: 12% Severity: 3/5

PBGVs have a higher than average risk of hip dysplasia compared to other small breeds.

Pharaoh Hound

Prevalence: 2.7% Severity: 3/5

Pharaoh Hounds have a lower prevalence of hip dysplasia compared to many other purebred dogs, but screening is still recommended for breeding stock.

Plott Hound

Prevalence: 7.1% Severity: 3/5

Plott Hounds have a moderate prevalence of hip dysplasia compared to the general canine population. Early signs may include reluctance to hunt or perform strenuous activity.

Pointer

Prevalence: 7.2% Severity: 3/5

Pointers have a moderate risk of hip dysplasia compared to other medium and large breeds. Early intervention and management are important for maintaining working ability.

Polish Lowland Sheepdog

Prevalence: 10.2% Severity: 3/5

Polish Lowland Sheepdogs have a moderately higher risk of hip dysplasia compared to other medium-sized breeds. Early subtle hind limb stiffness or reluctance to exercise may be noted in young adults.

Poodle (Standard)

Prevalence: 12.6% Severity: 4/5

Standard Poodles have a higher than average risk of hip dysplasia compared to other breeds, with a prevalence of 12.6% according to OFA data.

Porcelaine

Present in the breed but not as prevalent as in some other large breeds; screening is still recommended.

Portuguese Podengo

Prevalence: 3.1% Severity: 3/5

Hip dysplasia is present in the breed, with higher prevalence in the Grande variety; overall risk is lower than in many large breeds.

Portuguese Pointer

Prevalence: 10.5% Severity: 3/5

Portuguese Pointers have a moderate prevalence of hip dysplasia compared to other medium sporting breeds. Early signs may include subtle hind limb stiffness after exercise and reluctance to jump or climb stairs.

Portuguese Sheepdog

Prevalence: 8% Severity: 3/5

Portuguese Sheepdogs have a moderate risk of hip dysplasia compared to other breeds. Responsible breeders routinely screen breeding stock.

Portuguese Water Dog

Prevalence: 12.7% Severity: 3/5

Portuguese Water Dogs have a slightly higher than average risk for hip dysplasia, with a prevalence of 12.7%.

Pudelpointer

Prevalence: 7.5% Severity: 3/5

Pudelpointers have a moderate risk of hip dysplasia compared to other sporting breeds. Early signs may include reluctance to participate in field work or subtle hindlimb lameness after vigorous exercise.

Pug

Prevalence: 62.7% Severity: 3/5

Pugs have one of the highest rates of hip dysplasia among small breeds, with many showing radiographic changes even if not clinically lame.

Puli

Prevalence: 6.6% Severity: 3/5

Pulis have a moderate prevalence of hip dysplasia compared to other medium-sized breeds. Early screening and selective breeding have helped reduce incidence.

Pumi

Prevalence: 7.7% Severity: 3/5

Pumis have a moderate risk for hip dysplasia, with OFA data showing a prevalence slightly lower than the average for all breeds. Screening is recommended for all breeding dogs.

Pyrenean Mastiff

Prevalence: 17.6% Severity: 4/5

Pyrenean Mastiffs have a higher than average risk for hip dysplasia compared to all breeds, typical for giant breeds. Early subtle lameness or reluctance to play may be seen in young, rapidly growing dogs.

Pyrenean Shepherd

Prevalence: 7.1% Severity: 3/5

Prevalence is moderate compared to all breeds; slightly higher than average for medium-sized breeds. Early signs may include reluctance to jump or climb stairs in young adults.

Rafeiro do Alentejo

Prevalence: 20.8% Severity: 4/5

Rafeiro do Alentejo has a higher than average prevalence of hip dysplasia among large breeds, with approximately 20% of screened dogs affected.

Redbone Coonhound

Prevalence: 11.2% Severity: 3/5

Redbone Coonhounds have a moderate risk of hip dysplasia compared to other breeds, with a prevalence of 11.2% according to OFA data.

Rhodesian Ridgeback

Prevalence: 5.3% Severity: 3/5

Rhodesian Ridgebacks have a slightly higher than average risk for hip dysplasia compared to other large breeds.

Romanian Mioritic Shepherd Dog

Prevalence: 15% Severity: 4/5

Romanian Mioritic Shepherd Dogs are at higher risk for hip dysplasia compared to the general canine population, similar to other large livestock guardian breeds.

Rottweiler

Prevalence: 20.4% Severity: 4/5

Rottweilers are among the breeds with the highest risk for hip dysplasia, with a prevalence over 20%.

Saint Bernard

Prevalence: 46.9% Severity: 4/5

Saint Bernards have one of the highest rates of hip dysplasia among all breeds, with early onset and often severe progression.

Samoyed

Prevalence: 7.2% Severity: 3/5

Samoyeds have a moderate risk for hip dysplasia compared to other breeds, with a prevalence slightly above average.

Schapendoes

Prevalence: 8.3% Severity: 4/5

Schapendoes have a slightly higher than average risk for hip dysplasia among medium-sized breeds, with prevalence rates up to 10–12% in some surveys.

Segugio Italiano

Prevalence: 12.5% Severity: 3/5

Moderate prevalence in the breed; can impair hunting and working ability. Subtle decrease in stamina or reluctance to jump may be early signs in working dogs.

Shetland Sheepdog

Prevalence: 4.7% Severity: 3/5

Shelties have a lower prevalence of hip dysplasia compared to large breeds, but it is still a concern for the breed.

Shiba Inu

Prevalence: 5.2% Severity: 3/5

Shiba Inu have an average to slightly higher risk for hip dysplasia among small breeds. Subtle hind limb stiffness or reluctance to jump may be early signs.

Shikoku

Prevalence: 7.7% Severity: 3/5

Shikoku dogs have a slightly higher prevalence of hip dysplasia compared to the all-breed average. Early signs may be subtle, such as reluctance to exercise or mild lameness after activity.

Siberian Husky

Prevalence: 5.1% Severity: 2/5

Siberian Huskies have a lower prevalence of hip dysplasia compared to other large breeds, but cases still occur and can impact mobility.

Sloughi

Prevalence: 3.6% Severity: 2/5

Sloughis have a relatively low risk of hip dysplasia compared to other breeds, but screening is still recommended for breeding dogs.

Slovakian Wirehaired Pointer

Prevalence: 10.5% Severity: 3/5

Moderate prevalence compared to other sporting breeds; slightly higher risk than average for pointing breeds.

Slovensky Cuvac

Prevalence: 13.6% Severity: 4/5

Slovensky Cuvac dogs have a higher than average risk for hip dysplasia compared to other breeds of similar size. Subtle lameness or reluctance to work may be early signs.

Slovensky Kopov

0 Severity: 2/5

Current data suggest a lower prevalence of hip dysplasia in Slovensky Kopovs compared to other medium and large breeds. Breed clubs recommend screening breeding dogs to maintain low incidence.

Small Munsterlander Pointer

Prevalence: 6.9% Severity: 3/5

Slightly higher prevalence than the general canine population, but lower than many large breeds. Early reluctance to work or hunt may be a warning sign.

Soft Coated Wheaten Terrier

Prevalence: 6% Severity: 2/5

SCWTs have a moderate risk for hip dysplasia compared to other breeds; less common than in large breeds but present.

Spanish Mastiff

Prevalence: 32.9% Severity: 4/5

Spanish Mastiffs have a high prevalence of hip dysplasia compared to most breeds, with a significant impact on mobility and quality of life if not managed.

Spanish Water Dog

Prevalence: 7.2% Severity: 3/5

Prevalence is moderate in Spanish Water Dogs compared to other breeds; condition can impact working ability and mobility.

Spinone Italiano

Prevalence: 17.8% Severity: 3/5

Spinone Italiano has a higher than average prevalence of hip dysplasia compared to other breeds.

Stabyhoun

Prevalence: 16.7% Severity: 4/5

Stabyhouns have a higher than average risk of hip dysplasia compared to the general canine population. Early subtle lameness or stiffness after exercise in young adults is a common early sign.

Staffordshire Bull Terrier

Prevalence: 7.2% Severity: 3/5

Staffordshire Bull Terriers have a moderate risk of hip dysplasia, higher than some breeds but lower than large breeds.

Standard Schnauzer

Prevalence: 6.7% Severity: 3/5

Standard Schnauzers have a moderate risk for hip dysplasia compared to other breeds, with both genetic and environmental factors contributing.

Sussex Spaniel

Prevalence: 41.1% Severity: 4/5

Sussex Spaniels have one of the highest rates of hip dysplasia among all breeds, with significant impact on mobility and quality of life.

Swedish Lapphund

Prevalence: 12.5% Severity: 3/5

Swedish Lapphunds have a moderate risk of hip dysplasia compared to other medium-sized breeds; not as high as in some large breeds.

Swedish Vallhund

Prevalence: 10.6% Severity: 3/5

Swedish Vallhunds have a higher-than-average prevalence of hip dysplasia compared to the general canine population, though most cases are mild to moderate.

Taiwan Dog

Prevalence: 3.2% Severity: 2/5

Prevalence is lower than in many Western breeds; ongoing monitoring is recommended as selective breeding increases.

Teddy Roosevelt Terrier

Prevalence: 3.1% Severity: 3/5

Hip dysplasia is less common in Teddy Roosevelt Terriers than in large breeds but is still present and should be screened for in breeding stock.

Thai Ridgeback

Prevalence: 6.3% Severity: 3/5

Thai Ridgebacks have a moderate risk for hip dysplasia, lower than in large breeds but higher than in sighthounds. Screening is recommended for all breeding stock.

Tibetan Mastiff

Prevalence: 20.3% Severity: 4/5

Tibetan Mastiffs have a higher than average risk for hip dysplasia compared to most breeds, similar to other giant breeds. Early subtle lameness and reluctance to exercise are common early signs.

Tornjak

Prevalence: 10.5% Severity: 4/5

Hip dysplasia is the most commonly reported hereditary condition in Tornjaks, with a moderate prevalence compared to other large breeds. Early screening and responsible breeding are emphasized.

Tosa

Prevalence: 22.2% Severity: 4/5

Tosas have a higher than average risk for hip dysplasia compared to all breeds, similar to other giant molossers. Subtle hind limb stiffness after exercise in young adults is a common early sign.

Transylvanian Hound

Prevalence is lower than average for medium/large breeds. Screening is still recommended due to the potential for subclinical cases.

Treeing Tennessee Brindle

Prevalence: 6.5% Severity: 4/5

Slightly higher prevalence than average compared to all breeds, but lower than some large breeds. Early signs may be subtle in young, active dogs.

Treeing Walker Coonhound

Prevalence: 5.2% Severity: 3/5

Prevalence is lower than many other large breeds but still notable. Early signs may include reluctance to work or hunt as expected for the breed’s energy level.

Vizsla

Prevalence: 6.2% Severity: 3/5

Vizslas have a lower prevalence of hip dysplasia compared to many large breeds, but higher than the general canine population.

Weimaraner

Prevalence: 10.6% Severity: 3/5

Weimaraners have a higher than average prevalence of hip dysplasia compared to all breeds. Early signs may include reluctance to exercise in young, active dogs.

Welsh Springer Spaniel

Prevalence: 7.4% Severity: 3/5

Moderate risk compared to all breeds; higher than average for spaniels, lower than large breeds like German Shepherds.

Welsh Terrier

Prevalence: 5.1% Severity: 3/5

Welsh Terriers have a slightly higher than average risk for hip dysplasia among terriers, with OFA data showing a 5.1% prevalence.

Wetterhoun

Prevalence: 13.6% Severity: 4/5

Wetterhoun have a higher-than-average risk of hip dysplasia compared to the general dog population. Subtle lameness or reluctance to swim/jump may be early signs in this breed.

Wirehaired Pointing Griffon

Prevalence: 6.7% Severity: 4/5

Prevalence is moderate compared to all breeds; slightly higher than average for medium sporting breeds.

Wirehaired Vizsla

Prevalence: 7.6% Severity: 3/5

Wirehaired Vizslas have a moderate risk for hip dysplasia, similar to other sporting breeds. Subtle reluctance to exercise or jump may be early signs, especially in young adults.

Working Kelpie

Prevalence: 3.1% Severity: 4/5

Hip dysplasia prevalence in Working Kelpies is lower than in many other working/herding breeds, but still present.

Xoloitzcuintli

Prevalence: 2.2% Severity: 3/5

Hip dysplasia is less common in Xoloitzcuintlis than in many medium-sized breeds, but screening is still advised for breeding stock.

Yakutian Laika

Prevalence: 3.7% Severity: 3/5

Yakutian Laikas have a lower than average prevalence of hip dysplasia for medium-sized working breeds, but screening is still recommended for breeding stock.

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